Tomato mochedwa choipitsa ndi imodzi mwamatenda ofunikira pakupanga phwetekere masamba obiriwira obiriwira a phwetekere mochedwa choipitsa bowa makamaka nyengo yozizira ya mycelium m'thupi la odwala, matenda opatsirana m'malo abwino, ndipo malo amtunduwu amatulutsa sporangium, kufalikira ndi mphepo ndi mvula, pakagwa chinyezi. ndi kumera mwachangu ndi kuwukira kwa tsamba, tsamba, chitukuko chapansi-mmwamba chimapanga pakati pa zovuta zomwe zimapangidwira. za choipitsa mochedwa zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo, ndipo liwiro lachitukuko limagwirizananso kwambiri ndi kulima kwa phwetekere komanso kukana kwa mbewu.

Kupewa ndi kuwongolera zaulimi

1. Pali kusiyana kwina kwa kukana matenda pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phwetekere, ndipo mitundu ya phwetekere yosamva matenda iyenera kupatsidwa patsogolo pa kulima.Kuonjezera apo, kusankha koyenera kuyenera kupangidwa malinga ndi kusinthasintha kwa chiputu kapena dera.Pakulima kumunda, mitundu yapadera yamalo otseguka iyenera kusankhidwa;kulima koyambirira, mitundu yochedwa sayenera kusankhidwa;kwa madera a chinyontho kapena madera omwe mvula imagwa, mitundu yotsutsa kwambiri iyenera kusankhidwa.

2. Kulima ndi kupewa matenda.Njira zolilira bwino ndizofunika kwambiri pakupewa ndi kuwongolera matenda ndi tizilombo towononga tizilombo. Malinga ndi mfundo yakuti choipitsa chakumapeto chimatha kuchitika pachinyezi chachikulu, izi ziyenera kuchitika:

(1) kukonza mbewu: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda kuchokera mwatsatanetsatane, mbewu ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mbeu zoyamba zokhala ndi 70% mancozeb ufa wonyowa nthawi 500 kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kenako 55 ℃ zoviikidwa m'madzi kwa mphindi 30. kumera pambuyo pakusefukira kwa madzi chifukwa cha mvula yambiri.

(2) mulching kulima: phwetekere mulching kulima akhoza kuonetsetsa kuti nthaka kutentha ndi chinyezi, kuchepetsa mpweya chinyezi, kulenga zinthu zabwino phwetekere kukula, osati yabwino kuukira mabakiteriya, kuchepetsa kufala kwa matenda, ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga. za kupewa matenda.

(3) kachulukidwe wololera: molingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chonde cha nthaka, bzalani 2000-2400 pa ekala, onetsetsani kuti chomeracho chili ndi mpweya wabwino, kukula bwino, kukulitsa kukana, ngati kubzala molakwika. kachulukidwe ndi okwera kwambiri, pakati pa mbewu, tsinde, tsamba, zipatso, ndipo adzalemekezana wina ndi mzake, madzi, mafuta, amachepa mphamvu, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi chachikulu, mabakiteriya kuukira, kutengeka ndi matenda ndi otchuka. kulimba, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi chaching'ono, zotsatira zolimbana ndi matenda ndi zabwino, koma sizingakwaniritse zotsatira zonse zomwe zimafunikira kachiwiri.Mwa mawu amodzi, kachulukidwe ka mtundu wosawerengeka wa kukula ayenera kukhala kakang'ono, pamene kukula kwa mtundu womaliza kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu.

(4) feteleza ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi: moyo wa phwetekere kuchokera ku mbande kupita ku nthawi yamaluwa, chinyezi cha nthaka chiyenera kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku 60% mpaka 85%, 60% ya nthawi ya mmera, 70% ya nthawi yamaluwa, 80% pa zotsatira zoyamba, 85% ya nyengo ya maluwa. Monga mwambi umanenera, “madzi ndi amene amakolola;ndi feteleza amene amakolola”.Kuthirira koyenera n'kofunika kwambiri kuti kuwonetsetse mgwirizano pakati pa kukula kwa zakudya ndi kukula kwa uchembere, kuti mupititse patsogolo matendawa. Feteleza ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakupanga, kubzala minda ya tomato, iyenera kukhala chonde, kukonzekera nthaka kumafuna, nthaka yotayirira. , feteleza, shi (1000-3000 kilograms pa mu wa manyowa apamwamba a m’munda), P fetereza 50 kg/mu, K fetereza 20 kg/mu, kuwonjezera pa kupereka feteleza wokwanira wa N, P, K pa zokolola ndi khalidwe ndi Chofunika, kugawanika koyenera kwa zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu kumagwiritsira ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo matenda a zomera, kuchepetsa kuchedwa kwa mliri wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuti tipeze zokolola zabwino. choipitsa mochedwa chinali chosavuta kufalikira, kukhudza zokolola ndi khalidwe.

(5) kuwala ndi kutentha zinthu: phwetekere ndi photophilic mbewu, chodzala ziwembu ayenera dangyang, apo ayi phwetekere kukula woonda ndi ofooka, majeremusi mosavuta anaukira, chifukwa matenda.Tomato kukula kwambiri adaptive kutentha 20 mpaka 25 ℃, wanga County phwetekere. Malo obzala ali ndi zopindulitsa zamunda, kutentha kwapachaka ku 21 ℃, koma m'nyengo yamvula, chisanu, nkhungu, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi chachikulu, zabwino kuti majeremusi awononge kuwonongeka, ndiye kuti ngati sizikuwongolera nthawi, choipitsa chimachitika mochedwa. kufalikira mofulumira, ayenera kupewa yake ndi kulamulira kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.

6 masamba anatola mphanda: choipitsa mochedwa mu mvula, chinyezi mkulu, kutentha otsika, nkhungu, chifunga m'mawa ndi madzulo ndizosavuta kutchuka, monga chinyezi wachibale pamwamba 75%, kutentha pakati 15 ndi 25 ℃ ndi otchuka. Pofuna kusintha microclimate m'munda ndikuchepetsa chinyezi cha mpweya, masamba apansi a phazi ndi nthambi zowundana za zomera ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuti zitsimikizire mpweya wabwino komanso kufalikira kwa kuwala m'munda, kuti awononge malo okhala mabakiteriya. motero amalepheretsa kuchitika kwa matenda.

7 kasinthasintha wa mbewu: kubzala kosalekeza kwa mbewu za solanaceae, dothi lokhala ndi mabakiteriya ambiri, losavuta kubwera, chifukwa zotsalira za matenda zomwe zimasiyidwa m'munda ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda m'nyengo yozizira koyambirira, kotero pakukoka mbande sikuyenera kuchotseratu. nthaka matenda masamba, zipatso, ndi pofuna kupewa kudzikundikira mabakiteriya kumabweretsa mwadzidzidzi lalikulu chochitika ayenera kutenga 2-3 kasinthasintha ndi sanali solanaceae masamba.

Kupewa ndi kuwongolera thupi

Kuwongolera thupi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi, monga njere zoyezera mphepo, kuyesa, kulekanitsa madzi, kulekanitsa madzi amatope ndi njira zina posankha mbewu zabwino; za mabakiteriya kuti akwaniritse cholinga chopewera matenda.Ukhondo wa m’munda makamaka ndi kuchotsa tsinde, masamba, zipatso ndi zotsalira zina m’munda ndi matenda, ndi kuziwotcha kapena kuzikwirira mozama, kuti nthaka ichepe. mabakiteriya mmene ndingathere ndi kuchepetsa mwayi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuti kupewa matenda ndi kuonjezera ndalama.

Kuwongolera mankhwala

Matenda a phwetekere anachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso nyengo zakulima m'chigawo chathu.Chotero, pambuyo polamulira zaulimi ndi kulamulira thupi, zizindikiro za matendawa zikuwonekerabe, zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti aziwongolera.Zolinga zazikulu za mankhwala Kuwongolera ndi: kupewa ndi kuwongolera kuukira kwa bakiteriya, kupha majeremusi;

1. Kusamalira nthaka: phwetekere amakonda malo osalowerera ndale, nthaka ya asidi, nthaka ya alkaline ikhoza kukonzedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito quicklime.Mabakiteriya a nthaka ndi oopsa kwambiri pa ulimi wa phwetekere m'chigawo chathu, kuwonjezera pa kugwira ntchito yabwino mu seedbed ground disinfection. ntchito kumunda wa yotakata sipekitiramu fungicide disinfection, kuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka (opezeka mabakiteriya kapena nthaka ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo).

2, mmera ndi kukolola: pambuyo engraftment mochedwa choipitsa zizindikiro za tsamba, tsinde, zipatso, woyamba yokumba kusunga bwino nthawi, zilipo 58% zida chisanu, manganese nthaka yonyowa ufa 500 nthawi madzi kutsitsi, kutsitsi ayenera kukhala yunifolomu, woganiza, makamaka maluwa mpaka m'ma chifukwa n'kofunika kwambiri, kumayambiriro ndi mochedwa chitukuko ayenera mosamala fufuzani mochedwa choipitsa ndi kulamulira bungwe mu nthawi, kamodzi otchuka, adzakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zokolola ndi quality.Ngati chapakati matenda tizilombo ta amapezeka m'munda. , njira zotsatirazi ndi wothandizira angasankhidwe: kutsitsi njira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa 72.2% pomelo hydrochloride njira 800 nthawi yoyambirira ya phwetekere matenda, kapena 72% chisanu urea • manganese zinki wonyowa ufa 400-600 nthawi, kapena 64% chisanu • manganese zinc wothira ufa nthawi 500, kupopera kamodzi pa masiku 7-10, mosalekeza kulamulira masiku 4-5. Ngati chinyezi mu okhetsedwa ndi okwera kwambiri kapena kukumana ndi mitambo, njira kupopera ufa angagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga kugwiritsa ntchito Gerry yaying'ono ufa. 1 (50% alkyl morpholine wettable ufa) ufa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, akhoza kukwaniritsa bwino kulamulira effect.Stem matenda banga angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mkulu ndende ya mankhwala amadzimadzi, kaya ndi tsamba kutsitsi kapena tsinde ❖ kuyanika mankhwala, kamodzi pa masiku 7-8, 2-3 motsatana, koma tcherani khutu kwa masiku 10 mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso sizingatengedwe pamsika.