I-tomato blight emva kwexesha sesinye sezifo ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-tomato imifuno eluhlaza i-tomato late blight fungus ikakhulukazi ubusika be-mycelium kumzimba ogulayo, usulelo lwe-pathogen kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo, kunye nebala lesifo livelisa i-sporangium, isasazeka ngumoya nemvula, xa kukho ukufuma. Ukuntshula ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlaselwa kweblade, iblade, uphuhliso olusezantsi ukuya phezulu lwenza iziko loxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo.I-sporangium eveliswe kwigqabi lesityalo esisembindini yasasazwa ngokuhamba komoya kwizityalo ezijikelezileyo ukuze ziphinde zisuleleke.Ukwenzeka kunye nokuxhaphaka. Intsholongwane kade inxulumene neemeko zemozulu, kwaye isantya sophuhliso sikwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo neemeko zokulima itumata kunye nokuxhathisa izityalo.

Uthintelo nolawulo lwezolimo

1. Kukho umahluko othile ekuxhathiseni izifo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zetumata, kwaye iintlobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezifo kufuneka zibekwe phambili ekulimeni.Ukongezelela, ukhetho olufanelekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ngokuguquguquka kweendiza okanye ummandla.Ukulima intsimi evulekileyo, iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zentsimi evulekileyo kufuneka zikhethwe;ukulima kwangethuba, iintlobo ezivuthwa kade akufuneki zikhethwe;kwiindawo ezinomswakama okanye iindawo ezithandwa yimvula, iintlobo eziphezulu zokuchasa kufuneka zikhethwe.

2. Ukulima kunye nokuthintela izifo.Ubuchule bokulima obufanelekileyo ngamanyathelo okulima ayimfuneko ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo kunye nezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo. Ngokungqinelana nenyaniso yokuba ukugalela kade kusenokwenzeka kwindawo yokufuma okuphezulu, la manyathelo alandelayo kufuneka athathwe:

1 ukuntshula emva kokutshona kwamanzi okubangelwa kukuna kwemvula eninzi.

(2) ukulima i-mulching: ukulinywa kwe-tomato mulching kunokuqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu bomhlaba kunye nokufuma, ukunciphisa ukufuma komoya, ukudala iimeko ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwetamatato, zingabi luncedo ekuhlaselweni kweebhaktheriya, ukunciphisa iziganeko zezifo, kunye nokufezekisa injongo. yothintelo lwezifo.

(3) Uxinaniso olufanelekileyo: ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchuma komhlaba, tyala inani elipheleleyo le-2000-2400 ngehektare nganye, qinisekisa ukuba isityalo esiphantsi kwemeko yokuphuma komoya ephumela ekukhanyeni silungile, ukukhula okunempilo, ukomeleza ukuxhathisa, ukuba ukutyala ngendlela engafanelekanga. ingxinano iphezulu kakhulu, phakathi kwesityalo, isiqu, igqabi, isiqhamo, kwaye baya kuhlonelana, amanzi, amafutha, ukukhula buthathaka, ukufuma komoya mkhulu, iintsholongwane ezihlaselayo, zisengozini yezifo zithandwa.Kodwa ukuxinana kuncinci kakhulu, nangona ukukhula ukomelela, ukufuma komoya kuncinci, isiphumo sokumelana nezifo silungile, kodwa asinakukwazi ukufikelela kwisiphumo esipheleleyo esifunekayo kwakhona.Ngegama nje, ubuninzi bohlobo lokukhula olungenasiphelo kufuneka bube buncinci, ngelixa olo hlobo lokukhula olunesiphelo kufuneka lube lukhulu.

(4) Ulawulo lwesichumiso kunye namanzi: ubomi betumato ukusuka kukutyalwa kwezithole ukuya kwixesha leentyantyambo, ukufuma komhlaba kufuneka kunyuke ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwi-60% ukuya kuma-85%, oko kukuthi, i-60% yexesha lokutyala, i-70% yexesha leentyantyambo, i-80% kwiziphumo zokuqala, ama-85 ekhulwini exesha lokudumba kweentyatyambo. Njengoko intetho isitsho, “ngamanzi avunayo;sisichumiso esivelisa isivuno”.Ukunkcenkceshela ngendlela eyiyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokukhula kwesondlo kunye nokukhula kwenzala, ukuze kuphuculwe ukumelana nesi sifo. Isichumiso yeyona nto iphambili kwimveliso, ukutyala iziza zetumata zomhlaba, kufuneka ubuncinane obuphakathi, umgangatho wokulungiselela umhlaba unzima, umhlaba ovuthulukileyo. , izichumisi, shi (1000-3000 kilograms ngemu yomgangatho ophezulu womgquba wasefama), P isichumiso 50 kg/mu, K isichumiso 20 kg/mu, ukongeza ukubonelela ngesichumiso N ngokwaneleyo, P, K kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho yi Okubalulekileyo, kuphela ukuhlanganiswa okufanelekileyo kwezinto ezintathu ezingundoqo ezisetyenziswayo, ukwandisa ukumelana nezifo zezityalo, ukunciphisa ukuhlaselwa kwebhaktheriya yesifo sesifo sesifo, ukwandisa isivuno esihle. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungalungelelani kwe-N, i-P kunye ne-K kunciphise ukuxhathisa kwetumata, kwaye isifo esibangwa emva kwexesha kwakulula ukusasazeka, sichaphazela isivuno kunye nomgangatho.

(5) ukukhanya kunye nobushushu iimeko: itumato isityalo photophilic, amabala ukutyala kufuneka dangyang, kungenjalo ukukhula itumata ibhityile kwaye ibuthathaka, iintsholongwane lula ukuhlasela, kubangela isifo.Iitumato zikhule kakhulu ubushushu obuguquguqukayo 20 ukuya 25 ℃, tomato County yam Indawo yokutyala inemithombo enenzuzo yentsimi, ubushushu obuphakathi bonyaka ngama-21 ℃, kodwa ngexesha lemvula, iqabaka yasebusika, inkungu, ukufuma komoya mkhulu, kulungile ukuba iintsholongwane zihlasele umonakalo, ngoko ukuba awulawulwa kwangethuba, kuyenzeka ukubola kade. ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka kuthintelwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nokulawulwa kokutshiza.

Amagqabi ama-6 athatha ifolokhwe: ukubola kade kwimvula, ukufuma okuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi, inkungu, inkungu ekuseni nangokuhlwa yeyona nto ithandwa kakhulu, njengokufuma okungaphezulu kwe-75%, ubushushu obuphakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-25 ℃ iyathandwa. Ukuze utshintshe i-microclimate ebaleni kwaye unciphise ukufuma komoya, amagqabi asezantsi onyawo kunye namasebe ashinyeneyo esityalo kufuneka asuswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe umoya olungileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya endle, ukutshabalalisa indawo yokuhlala yebhaktheriya. kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ukwenzeka kwesifo.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo ezi-7: ukutyalwa rhoqo kwezityalo zesolanaceae, umhlaba onesixa esikhulu sebhaktheriya, kulula ukuza, kuba iintsalela zesifo ezishiywe kwintsimi yokulima zingumthombo wosulelo lwasebusika ekuqaleni, ngoko xa utsala izithole akufuneki nje ukucima. isifo emhlabeni amagqabi, iziqhamo, kwaye ukuze ukuphepha ukuqokelelwa kweebhaktheriya kukhokelela kwisehlo esikhulu ngesiquphe, kufuneka athathe 2-3 ujikelezo kunye non-solanaceae imifuno.

Ukukhuselwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nolawulo

Ulawulo lomzimba kukusetyenziswa kweendlela zomzimba, ezinje ngembewu yokuhlola umoya, ukukhangela, ukwahlula amanzi, ukwahlula amanzi ngodaka kunye nezinye iindlela zokukhetha imbewu elungileyo; Okanye sebenzisa indlela yokwenyama efana nokufaka imbewu kwisuphu efudumeleyo ukuthintela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso. yebhaktheriya ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yothintelo lwezifo.Ugutyulo lwelindle kukukhupha izikhondo, amagqabi, iziqhamo kunye nezinye iintsalela entsimini ezinezifo, kwaye uzitshise okanye uzingcwabe nzulu, ukuze kucuthwe isixa somhlaba. iibhaktheriya kangangoko kunokwenzeka kunye nokunciphisa ithuba losulelo lwe-pathogen, ukuze kuthintelwe izifo kunye nokunyusa ingeniso.

Ulawulo lwekhemikhali

Isifo seTomato senzeke ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha okulima kwi-county yethu.Ngoko ke, emva kokulawulwa kwezolimo kunye nokulawulwa komzimba, iimpawu zesifo zisabonakala, ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokulawula imichiza, izibulali-zinambuzane zemichiza zokulawula.Iinjongo eziphambili zeekhemikhali. Ulawulo lu: uthintelo kunye nolawulo lohlaselo lwebhaktiriya; Bulala iintsholongwane; Uthintelo lokukhula kwebhaktiriya kunye nophuhliso, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwetomato.

1. Ukunyangwa komhlaba: i-tomato ithanda indawo engathathi hlangothi, umhlaba we-asidi, umhlaba we-alkaline unokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-quicklime.Ibhaktheriya yomhlaba iyingozi enkulu kwimveliso ye-tomato kwi-county yethu, ngaphezu kokwenza umsebenzi omhle kwi-disinfection yomhlaba we-seedbed, ingaba nayo. isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye- wide-spectrum fungicide disinfection, ukunciphisa i-pathogens emhlabeni (ibhaktiriya ekhoyo okanye i-zinc kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi).

2, izithole kunye nokuvuna: emva kokufakwa kweempawu zokubola emva kwexesha zegqabi, isiqu, isiqhamo, i-artificial yokuqala gcina icacile kwangexesha, ikhona 58% yeqabaka yesikrweqe, i-zinc ye-manganese engumgubo omanzi kangangama-500 amaxesha okutshiza ngolwelo, isitshizi masifane, sicinge, ngakumbi. iintyatyambo de isiphumo esiphakathi sibalulekile, ngexesha lophuhliso lwangethuba nasemva kwexesha kufuneka lujongwe ngononophelo ubhubhani kade kunye nolawulo lombutho ngexesha, xa sele ludumile, luya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho.Ukuba iintlobo zezifo ezisembindini zifumaneka entsimini. , ezi ndlela zilandelayo kunye nee-arhente zingakhethwa: indlela yokutshiza, ukutshiza i-72.2% yesisombululo se-pomelo hydrochloride amaxesha angama-800 kwinqanaba lokuqala lesifo se-tomato, okanye i-72% ye-frost urea • i-manganese zinc powder emanzi amaxesha angama-400-600, okanye i-64% yeqabaka • manganese i-zinc powder emanzi ngamaxesha angama-500, tshiza kanye ngeentsuku ezi-7-10, ulawulo oluqhubekayo lweentsuku ezi-4-5. Ukuba ukufuma kwi-shede kuphezulu kakhulu okanye kudibene neentsuku ezinamafu, indlela yokutshiza i-powder ingasetyenziswa, njengokusetyenziswa kwe-Gerry micro powder. I-1 (i-50% ye-alkyl morpholine powder emanzi) ulawulo lokutshiza umgubo, inokufikelela kwisiphumo esingcono sokulawula. Amaxesha ama-2-3 ngokulandelelana, kodwa qwa lasela kwiintsuku ezili-10 emva kokusetyenziswa kweziqhamo azinakuvunwa kwimarike.